Foreword by Gilberto Freyre to The Masters and the Slaves,
a Study in the Development of Brazilian Civilization
In
Brazil the relations between the white and colored races from the
first half of the sixteenth century were conditioned on the one hand
by the system of economic production-monoculture and latifundia-and
on the other hand by the scarcity of white women among the conquerors.
Sugar-raising not only stifled the democratic industries represented
by the trade in brazilwood and hides; it sterilized the land for the
forces of diversified farming and herding ofr a broad expanse around
the plantations. It called for na enormous number of slaves. Cattle-raising,
meanwhile, with the possibilities it afforded for a democratic way
of life,was relegated to the backlands. In the agrarian zone, along
with a monoculture that absorbed other forms of production, there
developed a semi-feudal society, with a minority of whites and lightskinned
mulattoes dominating, patriarchally and polygamously, from their Big
Houses of stone and mortar, not only the slaves that were bred so
prolifically in the senzalas, but the share croppers as well, the
tenants or retainers, those who dwelt in the huts of mud and straw,
vassals of the Big House in the strictest meaning of the word.
Conquerors, in the military and technical sense, of the indigenous
populations, the absolute reulers of the Negroes imported from Africa
for the hard labor of the bagaceira, the Europeans and their descendants
meanwhile had to compromise eith the Indians and the Africans in he
matter of genetic and social relations. The scarcity of white women
created zones of fraternization between conquerors and conquered,
between masters and slaves. While these relations between white men
and colored women did not cease to be those of "superiors"
with "inferiors", and in the majority of cases those of
disillusioned and sadistic gentlemen with passive slave girls, they
were mitigated by the need that was felt by many colonisits of douding
a family under such circumstances and upon such a basis as this. A
widly practiced miscegenation here tended to modify the enormous social
distance that otherwise would have been preserved between Big House
and tropical forest, between Big House and slave hut. What a latifundiary
monoculture based upon slavery accomplished in the way of creating
an aristocracy, by difiding Brazilian culture into two extremes, of
gentry and slaves, with a thin and insignificant remnant of free men
sandwiched in betwewn, was in good part offset by the social effects
of miscegenation. The Indian woman and the mina, or Negro woman,
in the beginning, and later the mulatto, the cabrocha, the
quadrarona, the oitavona, becoming domestics, concubines,
and even the lawful wives of their white masters, exerted a powerful
influence for social democracy in Brazil. A considerable portion of
the big landed estates was divided among the mestizo sons, legitimate
or illegitimate, procreated by these white fathers, and this tended
to break up the feudal allotments and latifundia that were small kingdoms
in themselves.